Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp THPT - Đề số 9 | Tiếng Anh 12

Question 1

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6. Speed reading is not just about reading first. It is also about how much information you can remember when you have finished reading. The World Championship Speed- Reading Competition says that its top competitors average between 1,000 and 2,000 words a minute. But they must remember at least 50 percent of this in order to qualify for the competition. Nowadays, speed reading has become an __1__ in any environment __2__ people have to master a large volume of information. Professional workers need reading skills to help them __3__ many documents every day, while students under pressure to deal with assignments may feel they have to read more and read faster all the time. __4__ there are various methods to increase reading speed, the trick is deciding what information you want first. For example, if you only want a __5__ outline of an issue, then you can skim the material quickly and extract the key facts. However, if you need to understand every detail in a document, then you must read it slowly enough to understand this. Even when you know how to ignore irrelevant detail, there are __6__ improvements you can make to your reading style which will increase your speed. Chỗ trống (1)

Accepted Answer

essential academic skill

Answer

academic essential skill

Answer

essential skill academic

Answer

skill academic essential

Question 2

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6. Speed reading is not just about reading first. It is also about how much information you can remember when you have finished reading. The World Championship Speed- Reading Competition says that its top competitors average between 1,000 and 2,000 words a minute. But they must remember at least 50 percent of this in order to qualify for the competition. Nowadays, speed reading has become an __1__ in any environment __2__ people have to master a large volume of information. Professional workers need reading skills to help them __3__ many documents every day, while students under pressure to deal with assignments may feel they have to read more and read faster all the time. __4__ there are various methods to increase reading speed, the trick is deciding what information you want first. For example, if you only want a __5__ outline of an issue, then you can skim the material quickly and extract the key facts. However, if you need to understand every detail in a document, then you must read it slowly enough to understand this. Even when you know how to ignore irrelevant detail, there are __6__ improvements you can make to your reading style which will increase your speed. Chỗ trống (2)

Accepted Answer

where

Answer

when

Answer

who

Answer

which

Question 3

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6. Speed reading is not just about reading first. It is also about how much information you can remember when you have finished reading. The World Championship Speed- Reading Competition says that its top competitors average between 1,000 and 2,000 words a minute. But they must remember at least 50 percent of this in order to qualify for the competition. Nowadays, speed reading has become an __1__ in any environment __2__ people have to master a large volume of information. Professional workers need reading skills to help them __3__ many documents every day, while students under pressure to deal with assignments may feel they have to read more and read faster all the time. __4__ there are various methods to increase reading speed, the trick is deciding what information you want first. For example, if you only want a __5__ outline of an issue, then you can skim the material quickly and extract the key facts. However, if you need to understand every detail in a document, then you must read it slowly enough to understand this. Even when you know how to ignore irrelevant detail, there are __6__ improvements you can make to your reading style which will increase your speed. Chỗ trống (3)

Accepted Answer

get through

Answer

see through

Answer

come across

Answer

look up

Question 4

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6. Speed reading is not just about reading first. It is also about how much information you can remember when you have finished reading. The World Championship Speed- Reading Competition says that its top competitors average between 1,000 and 2,000 words a minute. But they must remember at least 50 percent of this in order to qualify for the competition. Nowadays, speed reading has become an __1__ in any environment __2__ people have to master a large volume of information. Professional workers need reading skills to help them __3__ many documents every day, while students under pressure to deal with assignments may feel they have to read more and read faster all the time. __4__ there are various methods to increase reading speed, the trick is deciding what information you want first. For example, if you only want a __5__ outline of an issue, then you can skim the material quickly and extract the key facts. However, if you need to understand every detail in a document, then you must read it slowly enough to understand this. Even when you know how to ignore irrelevant detail, there are __6__ improvements you can make to your reading style which will increase your speed. Chỗ trống (4)

Accepted Answer

Although

Answer

So

Answer

However

Answer

Moreover

Question 5

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6. Speed reading is not just about reading first. It is also about how much information you can remember when you have finished reading. The World Championship Speed- Reading Competition says that its top competitors average between 1,000 and 2,000 words a minute. But they must remember at least 50 percent of this in order to qualify for the competition. Nowadays, speed reading has become an __1__ in any environment __2__ people have to master a large volume of information. Professional workers need reading skills to help them __3__ many documents every day, while students under pressure to deal with assignments may feel they have to read more and read faster all the time. __4__ there are various methods to increase reading speed, the trick is deciding what information you want first. For example, if you only want a __5__ outline of an issue, then you can skim the material quickly and extract the key facts. However, if you need to understand every detail in a document, then you must read it slowly enough to understand this. Even when you know how to ignore irrelevant detail, there are __6__ improvements you can make to your reading style which will increase your speed. Chỗ trống (5)

Accepted Answer

rough

Answer

harsh

Answer

hard

Answer

tough

Question 6

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6. Speed reading is not just about reading first. It is also about how much information you can remember when you have finished reading. The World Championship Speed- Reading Competition says that its top competitors average between 1,000 and 2,000 words a minute. But they must remember at least 50 percent of this in order to qualify for the competition. Nowadays, speed reading has become an __1__ in any environment __2__ people have to master a large volume of information. Professional workers need reading skills to help them __3__ many documents every day, while students under pressure to deal with assignments may feel they have to read more and read faster all the time. __4__ there are various methods to increase reading speed, the trick is deciding what information you want first. For example, if you only want a __5__ outline of an issue, then you can skim the material quickly and extract the key facts. However, if you need to understand every detail in a document, then you must read it slowly enough to understand this. Even when you know how to ignore irrelevant detail, there are __6__ improvements you can make to your reading style which will increase your speed. Chỗ trống (6)

Accepted Answer

other

Answer

another

Answer

others

Answer

lots

Question 7

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12. ANNOUNCEMENT: NEW POLICY IMPLEMENTATION We are pleased __7__ the implementation of a new policy designed to enhance our operational efficiency and foster a more collaborative working environment. The policy will be __8__ starting from October 1st. Key Highlights: - Enhanced Communication Channels: We are introducing __9__ new internal communication platform to streamline project updates and interdepartmental collaboration. - Flexible Working Hours: In response to feedback and __10__ to promote work-life balance, we are offering more flexible working hours. Detailed guidelines and application procedures will be provided. - Professional Development Opportunities: To support your career growth, we __11__ the budget for professional development programs. We believe these changes will greatly benefit our team and contribute to our success. Your cooperation is worth its weight in __12__ as we transition to these new practices. Chỗ trống (7)

Accepted Answer

to announce

Answer

in announcing

Answer

by announcing

Answer

to announcing

Question 8

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12. ANNOUNCEMENT: NEW POLICY IMPLEMENTATION We are pleased __7__ the implementation of a new policy designed to enhance our operational efficiency and foster a more collaborative working environment. The policy will be __8__ starting from October 1st. Key Highlights: - Enhanced Communication Channels: We are introducing __9__ new internal communication platform to streamline project updates and interdepartmental collaboration. - Flexible Working Hours: In response to feedback and __10__ to promote work-life balance, we are offering more flexible working hours. Detailed guidelines and application procedures will be provided. - Professional Development Opportunities: To support your career growth, we __11__ the budget for professional development programs. We believe these changes will greatly benefit our team and contribute to our success. Your cooperation is worth its weight in __12__ as we transition to these new practices. Chỗ trống (8)

Accepted Answer

effective

Answer

efficient

Answer

valuable

Answer

invaluable

Question 9

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12. ANNOUNCEMENT: NEW POLICY IMPLEMENTATION We are pleased __7__ the implementation of a new policy designed to enhance our operational efficiency and foster a more collaborative working environment. The policy will be __8__ starting from October 1st. Key Highlights: - Enhanced Communication Channels: We are introducing __9__ new internal communication platform to streamline project updates and interdepartmental collaboration. - Flexible Working Hours: In response to feedback and __10__ to promote work-life balance, we are offering more flexible working hours. Detailed guidelines and application procedures will be provided. - Professional Development Opportunities: To support your career growth, we __11__ the budget for professional development programs. We believe these changes will greatly benefit our team and contribute to our success. Your cooperation is worth its weight in __12__ as we transition to these new practices. Chỗ trống (9)

Accepted Answer

a

Answer

other

Answer

∅

Answer

the

Question 10

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12. ANNOUNCEMENT: NEW POLICY IMPLEMENTATION We are pleased __7__ the implementation of a new policy designed to enhance our operational efficiency and foster a more collaborative working environment. The policy will be __8__ starting from October 1st. Key Highlights: - Enhanced Communication Channels: We are introducing __9__ new internal communication platform to streamline project updates and interdepartmental collaboration. - Flexible Working Hours: In response to feedback and __10__ to promote work-life balance, we are offering more flexible working hours. Detailed guidelines and application procedures will be provided. - Professional Development Opportunities: To support your career growth, we __11__ the budget for professional development programs. We believe these changes will greatly benefit our team and contribute to our success. Your cooperation is worth its weight in __12__ as we transition to these new practices. Chỗ trống (10)

Accepted Answer

in an attempt

Answer

at an effort

Answer

on an effort

Answer

for an attempt

Question 11

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12. ANNOUNCEMENT: NEW POLICY IMPLEMENTATION We are pleased __7__ the implementation of a new policy designed to enhance our operational efficiency and foster a more collaborative working environment. The policy will be __8__ starting from October 1st. Key Highlights: - Enhanced Communication Channels: We are introducing __9__ new internal communication platform to streamline project updates and interdepartmental collaboration. - Flexible Working Hours: In response to feedback and __10__ to promote work-life balance, we are offering more flexible working hours. Detailed guidelines and application procedures will be provided. - Professional Development Opportunities: To support your career growth, we __11__ the budget for professional development programs. We believe these changes will greatly benefit our team and contribute to our success. Your cooperation is worth its weight in __12__ as we transition to these new practices. Chỗ trống (11)

Accepted Answer

will increase

Answer

will be increased

Answer

will be increasing

Answer

are increased

Question 12

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12. ANNOUNCEMENT: NEW POLICY IMPLEMENTATION We are pleased __7__ the implementation of a new policy designed to enhance our operational efficiency and foster a more collaborative working environment. The policy will be __8__ starting from October 1st. Key Highlights: - Enhanced Communication Channels: We are introducing __9__ new internal communication platform to streamline project updates and interdepartmental collaboration. - Flexible Working Hours: In response to feedback and __10__ to promote work-life balance, we are offering more flexible working hours. Detailed guidelines and application procedures will be provided. - Professional Development Opportunities: To support your career growth, we __11__ the budget for professional development programs. We believe these changes will greatly benefit our team and contribute to our success. Your cooperation is worth its weight in __12__ as we transition to these new practices. Chỗ trống (12)

Accepted Answer

gold

Answer

mind

Answer

soul

Answer

prime

Question 13

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17. a. Woman: And who am I speaking to? b. Man: Oh, hello! I'd like to order some stationery, please. c. Woman: Thank you for calling Millennium Office Supplies. Gina speaking. How can I help you? d. Man: I am John Carter.

Accepted Answer

c-b-a-d

Answer

b-c-d-a

Answer

d-b-a-c

Answer

a-c-b-d

Question 14

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17. a. Ms. Ha: Sorry, I have another appointment at that time. But I'm free on Saturday morning. b. Lan: Ms. Ha, could I meet you on Thursday afternoon? I would like your advice on how to prepare for my university entrance exam next year. c. Ms. Ha: Ok, then. See you on Saturday in the staff room. d. Lan: That would be good for me. What time suits you best? e. Ms. Ha: Around 9 o'clock? f. Lan: Yes, sounds good. Thank you, Ms. Ha.

Accepted Answer

b-a-d-e-f-c

Answer

c-a-b-f-d-e

Answer

b-a-c-e-d-f

Answer

c-b-f-e-a-d

Question 15

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17. Dear Jane, a. I intend to invite about 10 people, so it will be a small gathering. b. As the school year is coming to an end, I'm giving a farewell party before we go away for holiday. c. I will order some pizzas and buy snacks and fruits. There will be dancing and karaoke competition, so there will be a lot of fun. d. It will be held at my home at 7 p.m. this coming Sunday. e. That's all what I'm planning, and please let me know if you can come. Just leave me a message on the phone if you can't catch me at home. Your friend, Lana

Accepted Answer

b-d-a-c-e

Answer

b-e-a-d-c

Answer

b-d-e-a-c

Answer

b-a-e-c-d

Question 16

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17. a. Education plays a crucial role in bridging these gaps, fostering a sense of empathy and tolerance among diverse populations. b. This constant interaction allows individuals to broaden their horizons and develop a deeper understanding of others. c. Furthermore, the media can either facilitate positive intercultural exchange or, conversely, perpetuate stereotypes and deepen divides. d. The evolving nature of multicultural societies presents both promise and complexity. e. However, the process of integration is not always smooth, as it can give rise to cultural clashes and misunderstandings. f. It is therefore essential that media outlets present balanced narratives that promote understanding rather than division.

Accepted Answer

d-e-b-a-c-f

Answer

d-b-e-a-c-f

Answer

d-a-b-c-f-e

Answer

d-f-e-a-c-b

Question 17

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17. a. It emphasizes that individuals should not be discriminated against or disadvantaged based on their gender identity. b. When everyone, regardless of their gender, is given the opportunity to reach their full potential, it leads to stronger economies, healthier communities, and a fairer, more inclusive society. c. Achieving gender equality involves breaking down traditional stereotypes and biases, promoting equal access to education, healthcare, and employment; d. This also ensures that women and men have an equal voice in decision-making processes. e. Gender equality is a fundamental principle that advocates for equal rights, responsibilities, and opportunities for all, regardless of their gender. f. Gender equality is not only a matter of social justice but also has significant economic and societal benefits.

Accepted Answer

e-a-c-d-f-b

Answer

f-d-a-b-c-e

Answer

b-d-a-e-f-c

Answer

c-f-a-d-e-b

Question 18

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22. In today's globalized world, multiculturalism symbolizes a rich and varied mosaic of cultures, beliefs, and traditions. This international melting pot __18__ , languages, and customs, resulting in a dynamic and interconnected society. Multiculturalism encourages an environment where diverse cultures can peacefully coexist, mutual fostering respect and understanding among people. One of the most prominent examples of multiculturalism can be observed in the culinary traditions of different regions. Cities across the globe offer a wide range of foods from diverse cultures, __19__. Festivals and cultural events further illustrate this diversity, bringing together individuals from various backgrounds to share their traditions, music, and art, enriching the social fabric. __20__. In these settings, diverse teams contribute a variety of perspectives and ideas, which can lead to innovative solutions and increased creativity. The diversity of thought and experience within these environments enhances problem-solving and promotes a broader understanding of the world. __21__, fostering international cooperation and enhancing personal development by exposing individuals to different worldviews and life experiences. Living in a multicultural world allows for a blending of cultures that creates a more inclusive and vibrant global community. It enables people to connect with others on a deeper level, broadening their horizons and fostering a more empathetic and tolerant society. Ultimately, __22__, but it also contributes to a more harmonious and exciting world, where cultural diversity is valued and celebrated. Chỗ trống (18)

Accepted Answer

is characterized by the integration of various ethnicities

Answer

characterizes various ethnicities by the integration

Answer

is characterizing the integration of various ethnicities

Answer

is characterized to integrate various ethnicities

Question 19

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22. In today's globalized world, multiculturalism symbolizes a rich and varied mosaic of cultures, beliefs, and traditions. This international melting pot __18__, languages, and customs, resulting in a dynamic and interconnected society. Multiculturalism encourages an environment where diverse cultures can peacefully coexist, mutual fostering respect and understanding among people. One of the most prominent examples of multiculturalism can be observed in the culinary traditions of different regions. Cities across the globe offer a wide range of foods from diverse cultures, __19__ . Festivals and cultural events further illustrate this diversity, bringing together individuals from various backgrounds to share their traditions, music, and art, enriching the social fabric. __20__. In these settings, diverse teams contribute a variety of perspectives and ideas, which can lead to innovative solutions and increased creativity. The diversity of thought and experience within these environments enhances problem-solving and promotes a broader understanding of the world. __21__, fostering international cooperation and enhancing personal development by exposing individuals to different worldviews and life experiences. Living in a multicultural world allows for a blending of cultures that creates a more inclusive and vibrant global community. It enables people to connect with others on a deeper level, broadening their horizons and fostering a more empathetic and tolerant society. Ultimately, __22__, but it also contributes to a more harmonious and exciting world, where cultural diversity is valued and celebrated. Chỗ trống (19)

Accepted Answer

providing a unique gastronomic experience that celebrates global diversity

Answer

provide a unique gastronomic experience celebrates that global diversity

Answer

providing a gastronomic unique experience celebrates global diversity

Answer

provided an experience that celebrates unique gastronomic global diversity

Question 20

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22. In today's globalized world, multiculturalism symbolizes a rich and varied mosaic of cultures, beliefs, and traditions. This international melting pot __18__, languages, and customs, resulting in a dynamic and interconnected society. Multiculturalism encourages an environment where diverse cultures can peacefully coexist, mutual fostering respect and understanding among people. One of the most prominent examples of multiculturalism can be observed in the culinary traditions of different regions. Cities across the globe offer a wide range of foods from diverse cultures, __19__. Festivals and cultural events further illustrate this diversity, bringing together individuals from various backgrounds to share their traditions, music, and art, enriching the social fabric. __20__ . In these settings, diverse teams contribute a variety of perspectives and ideas, which can lead to innovative solutions and increased creativity. The diversity of thought and experience within these environments enhances problem-solving and promotes a broader understanding of the world. __21__, fostering international cooperation and enhancing personal development by exposing individuals to different worldviews and life experiences. Living in a multicultural world allows for a blending of cultures that creates a more inclusive and vibrant global community. It enables people to connect with others on a deeper level, broadening their horizons and fostering a more empathetic and tolerant society. Ultimately, __22__, but it also contributes to a more harmonious and exciting world, where cultural diversity is valued and celebrated. Chỗ trống (20)

Accepted Answer

Educational institutions and workplaces also reap the benefits of multiculturalism

Answer

But educational institutions and workplaces also reap the benefits of multiculturalism

Answer

Benefits of multiculturalism also reaps the workplaces and educational institutions

Answer

Even though educational institutions also reap the benefits of workplaces and multiculturalism

Question 21

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22. In today's globalized world, multiculturalism symbolizes a rich and varied mosaic of cultures, beliefs, and traditions. This international melting pot __18__, languages, and customs, resulting in a dynamic and interconnected society. Multiculturalism encourages an environment where diverse cultures can peacefully coexist, mutual fostering respect and understanding among people. One of the most prominent examples of multiculturalism can be observed in the culinary traditions of different regions. Cities across the globe offer a wide range of foods from diverse cultures, __19__. Festivals and cultural events further illustrate this diversity, bringing together individuals from various backgrounds to share their traditions, music, and art, enriching the social fabric. __20__. In these settings, diverse teams contribute a variety of perspectives and ideas, which can lead to innovative solutions and increased creativity. The diversity of thought and experience within these environments enhances problem-solving and promotes a broader understanding of the world. __21__ , fostering international cooperation and enhancing personal development by exposing individuals to different worldviews and life experiences. Living in a multicultural world allows for a blending of cultures that creates a more inclusive and vibrant global community. It enables people to connect with others on a deeper level, broadening their horizons and fostering a more empathetic and tolerant society. Ultimately, __22__, but it also contributes to a more harmonious and exciting world, where cultural diversity is valued and celebrated. Chỗ trống (21)

Accepted Answer

If people embrace multiculturalism, societies will become more enriched

Answer

If people embraced multiculturalism, societies would have become more enriched

Answer

Societies became more enriched if people embraced multiculturalism

Answer

Societies would have become more enriched if people had embraced multiculturalism

Question 22

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22. In today's globalized world, multiculturalism symbolizes a rich and varied mosaic of cultures, beliefs, and traditions. This international melting pot __18__, languages, and customs, resulting in a dynamic and interconnected society. Multiculturalism encourages an environment where diverse cultures can peacefully coexist, mutual fostering respect and understanding among people. One of the most prominent examples of multiculturalism can be observed in the culinary traditions of different regions. Cities across the globe offer a wide range of foods from diverse cultures, __19__. Festivals and cultural events further illustrate this diversity, bringing together individuals from various backgrounds to share their traditions, music, and art, enriching the social fabric. __20__. In these settings, diverse teams contribute a variety of perspectives and ideas, which can lead to innovative solutions and increased creativity. The diversity of thought and experience within these environments enhances problem-solving and promotes a broader understanding of the world. __21__, fostering international cooperation and enhancing personal development by exposing individuals to different worldviews and life experiences. Living in a multicultural world allows for a blending of cultures that creates a more inclusive and vibrant global community. It enables people to connect with others on a deeper level, broadening their horizons and fostering a more empathetic and tolerant society. Ultimately, __22__ , but it also contributes to a more harmonious and exciting world, where cultural diversity is valued and celebrated. Chỗ trống (22)

Accepted Answer

not only does multiculturalism enrich individual lives

Answer

not only multiculturalism does enrich individual lives

Answer

not only multiculturalism enriches individual lives

Answer

not only does multiculturalism enriches individual lives

Question 23

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30. Is the west falling out of love with the car? For environmentalists it seems an impossible dream, but it is happening. While baby boomers and those with young families may carry on using four wheels, a combination of our ageing societies and a new attitude among the young seems to be breaking our 20th- century car addiction. Somewhere along the road, we reached the high point of the car and are now cruising down the other side. The phenomenon was first recognised in "The Road Less Traveled", a 2008 report by the Brookings Institution in Washington DC, but had been going on largely unnoticed for years. Japan reached it in the 1990s. They talked there of "demotorisation". The west had its tipping point in 2004. That year the US, UK, Germany, France, Australia and Sweden all saw the start of a decline in the number of kilometres the average person travelled in a car that continues today. What could be driving us off the road? Fuel costs and rising insurance premiums may be a factor. And urban gridlock, combined with an absence of parking places and congestion charging, makes an increasing number of us look on the car as a dumb way to move around in cities where there are public transport alternatives. Demographics are another possible explanation. It is surely no accident that "peak car" happened first in Japan, which has the world's oldest population. Pensioners do not drive to work, and many don't drive at all. There is also the rise of "virtual commuters" who work from home via the Internet. Besides these new employment patterns, leisure lifestyles are also changing. Social scientists detect a new "culture of urbanism". The stylish way to live these days is in inner- city apartments, not the suburbs. Richard Florida, an urban studies theorist at the University of Toronto in Canada, points out that the young shop online, telecommute, live in walkable city neighbourhoods near public transport and rely more on social media and less on face- to- face visiting. Given those changes, they can think of better ways to spend their money than buying a car. Some think car use will revive if and when economies recover. But it looks like something more profound is going on. Florida calls it a "great reset" in society that will have profound consequences - not least for the environment. Even our most treasured consumer aspirations can have a peak. Enough can be enough. (Adapted from Compact Advanced by Peter May) Which best serves as the title for the passage?

Accepted Answer

Motormanias Decline: A Comprehensive View

Answer

Road Travel Trends: An In-Depth Examination

Answer

Environmental Reset: A Significant Shift

Answer

Gen Z's Role: An Analytical Perspective

Question 24

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30. Is the west falling out of love with the car? For environmentalists it seems an impossible dream, but it is happening. While baby boomers and those with young families may carry on using four wheels, a combination of our ageing societies and a new attitude among the young seems to be breaking our 20th- century car addiction. Somewhere along the road, we reached the high point of the car and are now cruising down the other side. The phenomenon was first recognised in "The Road Less Traveled", a 2008 report by the Brookings Institution in Washington DC, but had been going on largely unnoticed for years. Japan reached it in the 1990s. They talked there of "demotorisation". The west had its tipping point in 2004. That year the US, UK, Germany, France, Australia and Sweden all saw the start of a decline in the number of kilometres the average person travelled in a car that continues today. What could be driving us off the road? Fuel costs and rising insurance premiums may be a factor. And urban gridlock, combined with an absence of parking places and congestion charging, makes an increasing number of us look on the car as a dumb way to move around in cities where there are public transport alternatives. Demographics are another possible explanation. It is surely no accident that "peak car" happened first in Japan, which has the world's oldest population. Pensioners do not drive to work, and many don't drive at all. There is also the rise of "virtual commuters" who work from home via the Internet. Besides these new employment patterns, leisure lifestyles are also changing. Social scientists detect a new "culture of urbanism". The stylish way to live these days is in inner- city apartments, not the suburbs. Richard Florida, an urban studies theorist at the University of Toronto in Canada, points out that the young shop online, telecommute, live in walkable city neighbourhoods near public transport and rely more on social media and less on face- to- face visiting. Given those changes, they can think of better ways to spend their money than buying a car. Some think car use will revive if and when economies recover. But it looks like something more profound is going on. Florida calls it a "great reset" in society that will have profound consequences - not least for the environment. Even our most treasured consumer aspirations can have a peak. Enough can be enough. (Adapted from Compact Advanced by Peter May) The word " cruising " in paragraph 1 is CLOSEST in meaning to _________.

Accepted Answer

driving slowly

Answer

speeding

Answer

voyaging

Answer

travelling aggressively

Question 25

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30. Is the west falling out of love with the car? For environmentalists it seems an impossible dream, but it is happening. While baby boomers and those with young families may carry on using four wheels, a combination of our ageing societies and a new attitude among the young seems to be breaking our 20th- century car addiction. Somewhere along the road, we reached the high point of the car and are now cruising down the other side. The phenomenon was first recognised in "The Road Less Traveled", a 2008 report by the Brookings Institution in Washington DC, but had been going on largely unnoticed for years. Japan reached it in the 1990s. They talked there of "demotorisation". The west had its tipping point in 2004. That year the US, UK, Germany, France, Australia and Sweden all saw the start of a decline in the number of kilometres the average person travelled in a car that continues today. What could be driving us off the road? Fuel costs and rising insurance premiums may be a factor. And urban gridlock, combined with an absence of parking places and congestion charging, makes an increasing number of us look on the car as a dumb way to move around in cities where there are public transport alternatives. Demographics are another possible explanation. It is surely no accident that "peak car" happened first in Japan, which has the world's oldest population. Pensioners do not drive to work, and many don't drive at all. There is also the rise of "virtual commuters" who work from home via the Internet. Besides these new employment patterns, leisure lifestyles are also changing. Social scientists detect a new "culture of urbanism". The stylish way to live these days is in inner- city apartments, not the suburbs. Richard Florida, an urban studies theorist at the University of Toronto in Canada, points out that the young shop online, telecommute, live in walkable city neighbourhoods near public transport and rely more on social media and less on face- to- face visiting. Given those changes, they can think of better ways to spend their money than buying a car. Some think car use will revive if and when economies recover. But it looks like something more profound is going on. Florida calls it a "great reset" in society that will have profound consequences - not least for the environment. Even our most treasured consumer aspirations can have a peak. Enough can be enough. (Adapted from Compact Advanced by Peter May) According to paragraph 3, what is stated regarding decline in motorization?

Accepted Answer

Surging petrol prices may be a contributing factor.

Answer

Numbers of remote work are experiencing a decline.

Answer

Increased car usage due to added parking spaces.

Answer

Japanese seniors are experiencing a lack of car accessibility.

Question 26

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30. Is the west falling out of love with the car? For environmentalists it seems an impossible dream, but it is happening. While baby boomers and those with young families may carry on using four wheels, a combination of our ageing societies and a new attitude among the young seems to be breaking our 20th- century car addiction. Somewhere along the road, we reached the high point of the car and are now cruising down the other side. The phenomenon was first recognised in "The Road Less Traveled", a 2008 report by the Brookings Institution in Washington DC, but had been going on largely unnoticed for years. Japan reached it in the 1990s. They talked there of "demotorisation". The west had its tipping point in 2004. That year the US, UK, Germany, France, Australia and Sweden all saw the start of a decline in the number of kilometres the average person travelled in a car that continues today. What could be driving us off the road? Fuel costs and rising insurance premiums may be a factor. And urban gridlock, combined with an absence of parking places and congestion charging, makes an increasing number of us look on the car as a dumb way to move around in cities where there are public transport alternatives. Demographics are another possible explanation. It is surely no accident that "peak car" happened first in Japan, which has the world's oldest population. Pensioners do not drive to work, and many don't drive at all. There is also the rise of "virtual commuters" who work from home via the Internet. Besides these new employment patterns, leisure lifestyles are also changing. Social scientists detect a new "culture of urbanism". The stylish way to live these days is in inner- city apartments, not the suburbs. Richard Florida, an urban studies theorist at the University of Toronto in Canada, points out that the young shop online, telecommute, live in walkable city neighbourhoods near public transport and rely more on social media and less on face- to- face visiting. Given those changes, they can think of better ways to spend their money than buying a car. Some think car use will revive if and when economies recover. But it looks like something more profound is going on. Florida calls it a "great reset" in society that will have profound consequences - not least for the environment. Even our most treasured consumer aspirations can have a peak. Enough can be enough. (Adapted from Compact Advanced by Peter May) The word " they " in paragraph 4 refers to ___________.

Accepted Answer

youngsters

Answer

changes

Answer

studies

Answer

neighbourhoods

Question 27

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30. Is the west falling out of love with the car? For environmentalists it seems an impossible dream, but it is happening. While baby boomers and those with young families may carry on using four wheels, a combination of our ageing societies and a new attitude among the young seems to be breaking our 20th- century car addiction. Somewhere along the road, we reached the high point of the car and are now cruising down the other side. The phenomenon was first recognised in "The Road Less Traveled", a 2008 report by the Brookings Institution in Washington DC, but had been going on largely unnoticed for years. Japan reached it in the 1990s. They talked there of "demotorisation". The west had its tipping point in 2004. That year the US, UK, Germany, France, Australia and Sweden all saw the start of a decline in the number of kilometres the average person travelled in a car that continues today. What could be driving us off the road? Fuel costs and rising insurance premiums may be a factor. And urban gridlock, combined with an absence of parking places and congestion charging, makes an increasing number of us look on the car as a dumb way to move around in cities where there are public transport alternatives. Demographics are another possible explanation. It is surely no accident that "peak car" happened first in Japan, which has the world's oldest population. Pensioners do not drive to work, and many don't drive at all. There is also the rise of "virtual commuters" who work from home via the Internet. Besides these new employment patterns, leisure lifestyles are also changing. Social scientists detect a new "culture of urbanism". The stylish way to live these days is in inner- city apartments, not the suburbs. Richard Florida, an urban studies theorist at the University of Toronto in Canada, points out that the young shop online, telecommute, live in walkable city neighbourhoods near public transport and rely more on social media and less on face- to- face visiting. Given those changes, they can think of better ways to spend their money than buying a car. Some think car use will revive if and when economies recover. But it looks like something more profound is going on. Florida calls it a "great reset" in society that will have profound consequences - not least for the environment. Even our most treasured consumer aspirations can have a peak. Enough can be enough. (Adapted from Compact Advanced by Peter May) Which of the following is TRUE, according to the passage?

Accepted Answer

The Japanese witnessed a decline in motorisation prior to other Western nations.

Answer

Virtual commuters prefer to live in inner-city apartments rather than the cities' outskirts.

Answer

Private transport usage has risen considerably as a result of congestion pricing.

Answer

People today enjoy using social media more than visiting friends and family face to face.

Question 28

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30. Is the west falling out of love with the car? For environmentalists it seems an impossible dream, but it is happening. While baby boomers and those with young families may carry on using four wheels, a combination of our ageing societies and a new attitude among the young seems to be breaking our 20th- century car addiction. Somewhere along the road, we reached the high point of the car and are now cruising down the other side. The phenomenon was first recognised in "The Road Less Traveled", a 2008 report by the Brookings Institution in Washington DC, but had been going on largely unnoticed for years. Japan reached it in the 1990s. They talked there of "demotorisation". The west had its tipping point in 2004. That year the US, UK, Germany, France, Australia and Sweden all saw the start of a decline in the number of kilometres the average person travelled in a car that continues today. What could be driving us off the road? Fuel costs and rising insurance premiums may be a factor. And urban gridlock, combined with an absence of parking places and congestion charging, makes an increasing number of us look on the car as a dumb way to move around in cities where there are public transport alternatives. Demographics are another possible explanation. It is surely no accident that "peak car" happened first in Japan, which has the world's oldest population. Pensioners do not drive to work, and many don't drive at all. There is also the rise of "virtual commuters" who work from home via the Internet. Besides these new employment patterns, leisure lifestyles are also changing. Social scientists detect a new "culture of urbanism". The stylish way to live these days is in inner- city apartments, not the suburbs. Richard Florida, an urban studies theorist at the University of Toronto in Canada, points out that the young shop online, telecommute, live in walkable city neighbourhoods near public transport and rely more on social media and less on face- to- face visiting. Given those changes, they can think of better ways to spend their money than buying a car. Some think car use will revive if and when economies recover. But it looks like something more profound is going on. Florida calls it a "great reset" in society that will have profound consequences - not least for the environment. Even our most treasured consumer aspirations can have a peak. Enough can be enough. (Adapted from Compact Advanced by Peter May) The word " profound " in paragraph 5 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ___________.

Accepted Answer

trivial

Answer

serious

Answer

thorough

Answer

important

Question 29

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30. Is the west falling out of love with the car? For environmentalists it seems an impossible dream, but it is happening. While baby boomers and those with young families may carry on using four wheels, a combination of our ageing societies and a new attitude among the young seems to be breaking our 20th- century car addiction. Somewhere along the road, we reached the high point of the car and are now cruising down the other side. The phenomenon was first recognised in "The Road Less Traveled", a 2008 report by the Brookings Institution in Washington DC, but had been going on largely unnoticed for years. Japan reached it in the 1990s. They talked there of "demotorisation". The west had its tipping point in 2004. That year the US, UK, Germany, France, Australia and Sweden all saw the start of a decline in the number of kilometres the average person travelled in a car that continues today. What could be driving us off the road? Fuel costs and rising insurance premiums may be a factor. And urban gridlock, combined with an absence of parking places and congestion charging, makes an increasing number of us look on the car as a dumb way to move around in cities where there are public transport alternatives. Demographics are another possible explanation. It is surely no accident that "peak car" happened first in Japan, which has the world's oldest population. Pensioners do not drive to work, and many don't drive at all. There is also the rise of "virtual commuters" who work from home via the Internet. Besides these new employment patterns, leisure lifestyles are also changing. Social scientists detect a new "culture of urbanism". The stylish way to live these days is in inner- city apartments, not the suburbs. Richard Florida, an urban studies theorist at the University of Toronto in Canada, points out that the young shop online, telecommute, live in walkable city neighbourhoods near public transport and rely more on social media and less on face- to- face visiting. Given those changes, they can think of better ways to spend their money than buying a car. Some think car use will revive if and when economies recover. But it looks like something more profound is going on. Florida calls it a "great reset" in society that will have profound consequences - not least for the environment. Even our most treasured consumer aspirations can have a peak. Enough can be enough. (Adapted from Compact Advanced by Peter May) Which paragraph mentions a neglected document about the reduction in car use?

Accepted Answer

Paragraph 2

Answer

Paragraph 1

Answer

Paragraph 3

Answer

Paragraph 4

Question 30

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30. Is the west falling out of love with the car? For environmentalists it seems an impossible dream, but it is happening. While baby boomers and those with young families may carry on using four wheels, a combination of our ageing societies and a new attitude among the young seems to be breaking our 20th- century car addiction. Somewhere along the road, we reached the high point of the car and are now cruising down the other side. The phenomenon was first recognised in "The Road Less Traveled", a 2008 report by the Brookings Institution in Washington DC, but had been going on largely unnoticed for years. Japan reached it in the 1990s. They talked there of "demotorisation". The west had its tipping point in 2004. That year the US, UK, Germany, France, Australia and Sweden all saw the start of a decline in the number of kilometres the average person travelled in a car that continues today. What could be driving us off the road? Fuel costs and rising insurance premiums may be a factor. And urban gridlock, combined with an absence of parking places and congestion charging, makes an increasing number of us look on the car as a dumb way to move around in cities where there are public transport alternatives. Demographics are another possible explanation. It is surely no accident that "peak car" happened first in Japan, which has the world's oldest population. Pensioners do not drive to work, and many don't drive at all. There is also the rise of "virtual commuters" who work from home via the Internet. Besides these new employment patterns, leisure lifestyles are also changing. Social scientists detect a new "culture of urbanism". The stylish way to live these days is in inner- city apartments, not the suburbs. Richard Florida, an urban studies theorist at the University of Toronto in Canada, points out that the young shop online, telecommute, live in walkable city neighbourhoods near public transport and rely more on social media and less on face- to- face visiting. Given those changes, they can think of better ways to spend their money than buying a car. Some think car use will revive if and when economies recover. But it looks like something more profound is going on. Florida calls it a "great reset" in society that will have profound consequences - not least for the environment. Even our most treasured consumer aspirations can have a peak. Enough can be enough. (Adapted from Compact Advanced by Peter May) Which paragraph mentions a change in modern lifestyle that affects car use?

Accepted Answer

Paragraph 4

Answer

Paragraph 2

Answer

Paragraph 3

Answer

Paragraph 5

Question 31

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. On the surface, a desert appears to be one of the harshest environments on Earth yet a remarkable variety of plants have adapted to thrive in this dry climate. Despite their origins in different locations around the globe, desert plants have developed similar strategies for surviving in arid environments. Some plants have adapted in such a way that it is hard to tell them apart even though they belong to very different biological families, one evolution of certain survival strategies which are shared across geographic and biological boundaries. In general, the survival strategies of desert plants can be divided into two kinds: adaptation for quick use of ephemeral resources ("maximum variance behavior") and adaptation for the best use of poor but more permanent resources ("minimum variance behavior"). The former strategy involves adaptation to environmental changes, such as seasonal availability of water. This is observed in desert annuals and perennials alike. Such plants tend to grow rapidly and produce many seeds under the right conditions. The latter strategy involves adaptation to the worst possible conditions, which can be seen in succulents, true xerophytes, and grasses. These plants usually grow slowly, use water efficiently, and exhibit passive cooling. Water scarcity and heat are the key factors limiting the survival of desert plants. [I] Depending on strategies and physical adaptations, they can be divided into either succulents or drought- resistant plants. For the most part, succulents have evolved extensive, shallow root systems to quickly absorb water during brief periods of heavy rainfall. [II] Water is then stored in the fleshy tissue of their thick trunks or lobes, as well as in the roots. The cactus is a good example of a succulent. [III] To retain water, succulents have waxy coatings on their skin and a modified system of respiration. The stomata (surface pores), through which the plant takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen, open only at night when temperatures are cooler and less water from the plant will evaporate. [IV] Unlike most other plants, a succulent stores all or most of its chlorophyll, the chemical essential to photosynthesis, in its stem, skin, or other outer tissues, rather than concentrating it in the leaves. Doing this places it in a strong, well- watered part of the plant, rather than in an appendage susceptible to drying out and dropping off. Drought- resistant plants, or xerophytes, come in many forms including true xerophytes, deciduous plants, and grasses. Xerophytic shrubs, such as the five species of creosote bush, are the most abundant type of vegetation in most arid environments. They are able to withstand desiccation in severe droughts without dying. Some have evolved small leaves with special coatings to reduce loss of water through evaporation. Others have replaced leaves with thorns or spines. While succulent roots form shallow, dense webs, xerophytes tend to develop deep root networks that pull water out of soil other desert plants cannot reach . For example, the roots of the mesquite bush, said to have the deepest root systems among desert plants, can reach depths of up to eighty feet. Succulents and xerophytes, on the one hand, have physically adapted to gather and retain water to survive long periods of drought. Drought- avoiding plants, on the other hand, escape unfavorable conditions by perishing. These include annuals and perennials. Because profuse seed development is crucial to the survival of most annual species, they tend to produce far more flowers than other types of desert plants. The desert marigold of the American southwest, for example, has adapted to seasonal changes in rainfall by growing rapidly, bursting into a brilliant display of yellow flowers, and then dropping a cascade of seeds before dying. In some cases, annuals complete their entire life cycle in a matter of a few weeks or months. Their seeds may remain inactive for up to ten years while waiting for water conditions. Perennials, such as the ocotillo, may go dormant during dry periods, spring to life when it rains, and then return to dormancy in a process that may occur up to five times per year. (Adapted from Expert on Cambridge IELTS practice tests) According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of desert plants?

Accepted Answer

They have evolved similar features, regardless of geographic origins

Answer

They are hard to see in the harsh desert landscape

Answer

They have evolved from different families that exchanged survival strategies

Answer

They all look essentially the same.

Question 32

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. On the surface, a desert appears to be one of the harshest environments on Earth yet a remarkable variety of plants have adapted to thrive in this dry climate. Despite their origins in different locations around the globe, desert plants have developed similar strategies for surviving in arid environments. Some plants have adapted in such a way that it is hard to tell them apart even though they belong to very different biological families, one evolution of certain survival strategies which are shared across geographic and biological boundaries. In general, the survival strategies of desert plants can be divided into two kinds: adaptation for quick use of ephemeral resources ("maximum variance behavior") and adaptation for the best use of poor but more permanent resources ("minimum variance behavior"). The former strategy involves adaptation to environmental changes, such as seasonal availability of water. This is observed in desert annuals and perennials alike. Such plants tend to grow rapidly and produce many seeds under the right conditions. The latter strategy involves adaptation to the worst possible conditions, which can be seen in succulents, true xerophytes, and grasses. These plants usually grow slowly, use water efficiently, and exhibit passive cooling. Water scarcity and heat are the key factors limiting the survival of desert plants. [I] Depending on strategies and physical adaptations, they can be divided into either succulents or drought- resistant plants. For the most part, succulents have evolved extensive, shallow root systems to quickly absorb water during brief periods of heavy rainfall. [II] Water is then stored in the fleshy tissue of their thick trunks or lobes, as well as in the roots. The cactus is a good example of a succulent. [III] To retain water, succulents have waxy coatings on their skin and a modified system of respiration. The stomata (surface pores), through which the plant takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen, open only at night when temperatures are cooler and less water from the plant will evaporate. [IV] Unlike most other plants, a succulent stores all or most of its chlorophyll, the chemical essential to photosynthesis, in its stem, skin, or other outer tissues, rather than concentrating it in the leaves. Doing this places it in a strong, well- watered part of the plant, rather than in an appendage susceptible to drying out and dropping off. Drought- resistant plants, or xerophytes, come in many forms including true xerophytes, deciduous plants, and grasses. Xerophytic shrubs, such as the five species of creosote bush, are the most abundant type of vegetation in most arid environments. They are able to withstand desiccation in severe droughts without dying. Some have evolved small leaves with special coatings to reduce loss of water through evaporation. Others have replaced leaves with thorns or spines. While succulent roots form shallow, dense webs, xerophytes tend to develop deep root networks that pull water out of soil other desert plants cannot reach . For example, the roots of the mesquite bush, said to have the deepest root systems among desert plants, can reach depths of up to eighty feet. Succulents and xerophytes, on the one hand, have physically adapted to gather and retain water to survive long periods of drought. Drought- avoiding plants, on the other hand, escape unfavorable conditions by perishing. These include annuals and perennials. Because profuse seed development is crucial to the survival of most annual species, they tend to produce far more flowers than other types of desert plants. The desert marigold of the American southwest, for example, has adapted to seasonal changes in rainfall by growing rapidly, bursting into a brilliant display of yellow flowers, and then dropping a cascade of seeds before dying. In some cases, annuals complete their entire life cycle in a matter of a few weeks or months. Their seeds may remain inactive for up to ten years while waiting for water conditions. Perennials, such as the ocotillo, may go dormant during dry periods, spring to life when it rains, and then return to dormancy in a process that may occur up to five times per year. (Adapted from Expert on Cambridge IELTS practice tests) The word " ephemeral " in the passage is closest in meaning to __________.

Accepted Answer

temporary

Answer

minimal

Answer

annual

Answer

abundant

Question 33

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. On the surface, a desert appears to be one of the harshest environments on Earth yet a remarkable variety of plants have adapted to thrive in this dry climate. Despite their origins in different locations around the globe, desert plants have developed similar strategies for surviving in arid environments. Some plants have adapted in such a way that it is hard to tell them apart even though they belong to very different biological families, one evolution of certain survival strategies which are shared across geographic and biological boundaries. In general, the survival strategies of desert plants can be divided into two kinds: adaptation for quick use of ephemeral resources ("maximum variance behavior") and adaptation for the best use of poor but more permanent resources ("minimum variance behavior"). The former strategy involves adaptation to environmental changes, such as seasonal availability of water. This is observed in desert annuals and perennials alike. Such plants tend to grow rapidly and produce many seeds under the right conditions. The latter strategy involves adaptation to the worst possible conditions, which can be seen in succulents, true xerophytes, and grasses. These plants usually grow slowly, use water efficiently, and exhibit passive cooling. Water scarcity and heat are the key factors limiting the survival of desert plants. [I] Depending on strategies and physical adaptations, they can be divided into either succulents or drought- resistant plants. For the most part, succulents have evolved extensive, shallow root systems to quickly absorb water during brief periods of heavy rainfall. [II] Water is then stored in the fleshy tissue of their thick trunks or lobes, as well as in the roots. The cactus is a good example of a succulent. [III] To retain water, succulents have waxy coatings on their skin and a modified system of respiration. The stomata (surface pores), through which the plant takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen, open only at night when temperatures are cooler and less water from the plant will evaporate. [IV] Unlike most other plants, a succulent stores all or most of its chlorophyll, the chemical essential to photosynthesis, in its stem, skin, or other outer tissues, rather than concentrating it in the leaves. Doing this places it in a strong, well- watered part of the plant, rather than in an appendage susceptible to drying out and dropping off. Drought- resistant plants, or xerophytes, come in many forms including true xerophytes, deciduous plants, and grasses. Xerophytic shrubs, such as the five species of creosote bush, are the most abundant type of vegetation in most arid environments. They are able to withstand desiccation in severe droughts without dying. Some have evolved small leaves with special coatings to reduce loss of water through evaporation. Others have replaced leaves with thorns or spines. While succulent roots form shallow, dense webs, xerophytes tend to develop deep root networks that pull water out of soil other desert plants cannot reach . For example, the roots of the mesquite bush, said to have the deepest root systems among desert plants, can reach depths of up to eighty feet. Succulents and xerophytes, on the one hand, have physically adapted to gather and retain water to survive long periods of drought. Drought- avoiding plants, on the other hand, escape unfavorable conditions by perishing. These include annuals and perennials. Because profuse seed development is crucial to the survival of most annual species, they tend to produce far more flowers than other types of desert plants. The desert marigold of the American southwest, for example, has adapted to seasonal changes in rainfall by growing rapidly, bursting into a brilliant display of yellow flowers, and then dropping a cascade of seeds before dying. In some cases, annuals complete their entire life cycle in a matter of a few weeks or months. Their seeds may remain inactive for up to ten years while waiting for water conditions. Perennials, such as the ocotillo, may go dormant during dry periods, spring to life when it rains, and then return to dormancy in a process that may occur up to five times per year. (Adapted from Expert on Cambridge IELTS practice tests) Where in paragraph 3 does the following sentence best fit? "Plants that have adapted to the worst possible conditions have evolved ways for quickly acquiring and storing water to ensure their survival."

Accepted Answer

[I]

Answer

[II]

Answer

[III]

Answer

[IV]

Question 34

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. On the surface, a desert appears to be one of the harshest environments on Earth yet a remarkable variety of plants have adapted to thrive in this dry climate. Despite their origins in different locations around the globe, desert plants have developed similar strategies for surviving in arid environments. Some plants have adapted in such a way that it is hard to tell them apart even though they belong to very different biological families, one evolution of certain survival strategies which are shared across geographic and biological boundaries. In general, the survival strategies of desert plants can be divided into two kinds: adaptation for quick use of ephemeral resources ("maximum variance behavior") and adaptation for the best use of poor but more permanent resources ("minimum variance behavior"). The former strategy involves adaptation to environmental changes, such as seasonal availability of water. This is observed in desert annuals and perennials alike. Such plants tend to grow rapidly and produce many seeds under the right conditions. The latter strategy involves adaptation to the worst possible conditions, which can be seen in succulents, true xerophytes, and grasses. These plants usually grow slowly, use water efficiently, and exhibit passive cooling. Water scarcity and heat are the key factors limiting the survival of desert plants. [I] Depending on strategies and physical adaptations, they can be divided into either succulents or drought- resistant plants. For the most part, succulents have evolved extensive, shallow root systems to quickly absorb water during brief periods of heavy rainfall. [II] Water is then stored in the fleshy tissue of their thick trunks or lobes, as well as in the roots. The cactus is a good example of a succulent. [III] To retain water, succulents have waxy coatings on their skin and a modified system of respiration. The stomata (surface pores), through which the plant takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen, open only at night when temperatures are cooler and less water from the plant will evaporate. [IV] Unlike most other plants, a succulent stores all or most of its chlorophyll, the chemical essential to photosynthesis, in its stem, skin, or other outer tissues, rather than concentrating it in the leaves. Doing this places it in a strong, well- watered part of the plant, rather than in an appendage susceptible to drying out and dropping off. Drought- resistant plants, or xerophytes, come in many forms including true xerophytes, deciduous plants, and grasses. Xerophytic shrubs, such as the five species of creosote bush, are the most abundant type of vegetation in most arid environments. They are able to withstand desiccation in severe droughts without dying. Some have evolved small leaves with special coatings to reduce loss of water through evaporation. Others have replaced leaves with thorns or spines. While succulent roots form shallow, dense webs, xerophytes tend to develop deep root networks that pull water out of soil other desert plants cannot reach . For example, the roots of the mesquite bush, said to have the deepest root systems among desert plants, can reach depths of up to eighty feet. Succulents and xerophytes, on the one hand, have physically adapted to gather and retain water to survive long periods of drought. Drought- avoiding plants, on the other hand, escape unfavorable conditions by perishing. These include annuals and perennials. Because profuse seed development is crucial to the survival of most annual species, they tend to produce far more flowers than other types of desert plants. The desert marigold of the American southwest, for example, has adapted to seasonal changes in rainfall by growing rapidly, bursting into a brilliant display of yellow flowers, and then dropping a cascade of seeds before dying. In some cases, annuals complete their entire life cycle in a matter of a few weeks or months. Their seeds may remain inactive for up to ten years while waiting for water conditions. Perennials, such as the ocotillo, may go dormant during dry periods, spring to life when it rains, and then return to dormancy in a process that may occur up to five times per year. (Adapted from Expert on Cambridge IELTS practice tests) Why does the author mention the action of stomata in the passage?

Accepted Answer

To emphasize a unique adaptation of succulents.

Answer

To explain how chlorophyll works.

Answer

To illustrate that cacti have no leaves.

Answer

To describe the basic parts of a succulent.

Question 35

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. On the surface, a desert appears to be one of the harshest environments on Earth yet a remarkable variety of plants have adapted to thrive in this dry climate. Despite their origins in different locations around the globe, desert plants have developed similar strategies for surviving in arid environments. Some plants have adapted in such a way that it is hard to tell them apart even though they belong to very different biological families, one evolution of certain survival strategies which are shared across geographic and biological boundaries. In general, the survival strategies of desert plants can be divided into two kinds: adaptation for quick use of ephemeral resources ("maximum variance behavior") and adaptation for the best use of poor but more permanent resources ("minimum variance behavior"). The former strategy involves adaptation to environmental changes, such as seasonal availability of water. This is observed in desert annuals and perennials alike. Such plants tend to grow rapidly and produce many seeds under the right conditions. The latter strategy involves adaptation to the worst possible conditions, which can be seen in succulents, true xerophytes, and grasses. These plants usually grow slowly, use water efficiently, and exhibit passive cooling. Water scarcity and heat are the key factors limiting the survival of desert plants. [I] Depending on strategies and physical adaptations, they can be divided into either succulents or drought- resistant plants. For the most part, succulents have evolved extensive, shallow root systems to quickly absorb water during brief periods of heavy rainfall. [II] Water is then stored in the fleshy tissue of their thick trunks or lobes, as well as in the roots. The cactus is a good example of a succulent. [III] To retain water, succulents have waxy coatings on their skin and a modified system of respiration. The stomata (surface pores), through which the plant takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen, open only at night when temperatures are cooler and less water from the plant will evaporate. [IV] Unlike most other plants, a succulent stores all or most of its chlorophyll, the chemical essential to photosynthesis, in its stem, skin, or other outer tissues, rather than concentrating it in the leaves. Doing this places it in a strong, well- watered part of the plant, rather than in an appendage susceptible to drying out and dropping off. Drought- resistant plants, or xerophytes, come in many forms including true xerophytes, deciduous plants, and grasses. Xerophytic shrubs, such as the five species of creosote bush, are the most abundant type of vegetation in most arid environments. They are able to withstand desiccation in severe droughts without dying. Some have evolved small leaves with special coatings to reduce loss of water through evaporation. Others have replaced leaves with thorns or spines. While succulent roots form shallow, dense webs, xerophytes tend to develop deep root networks that pull water out of soil other desert plants cannot reach . For example, the roots of the mesquite bush, said to have the deepest root systems among desert plants, can reach depths of up to eighty feet. Succulents and xerophytes, on the one hand, have physically adapted to gather and retain water to survive long periods of drought. Drought- avoiding plants, on the other hand, escape unfavorable conditions by perishing. These include annuals and perennials. Because profuse seed development is crucial to the survival of most annual species, they tend to produce far more flowers than other types of desert plants. The desert marigold of the American southwest, for example, has adapted to seasonal changes in rainfall by growing rapidly, bursting into a brilliant display of yellow flowers, and then dropping a cascade of seeds before dying. In some cases, annuals complete their entire life cycle in a matter of a few weeks or months. Their seeds may remain inactive for up to ten years while waiting for water conditions. Perennials, such as the ocotillo, may go dormant during dry periods, spring to life when it rains, and then return to dormancy in a process that may occur up to five times per year. (Adapted from Expert on Cambridge IELTS practice tests) Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

Accepted Answer

In contrast to xerophytes, which produce long root systems to tap water deep within the soil, succulents develop a thick web of roots just below the soil surface.

Answer

At the same time that xerophytes evolved their thick webs of low-lying roots, succulents formed thin networks to reach surface water.

Answer

Both succulents and xerophytes form long, dense networks of roots in order to reach water within the soil that non-developed plants could not reach.

Answer

Because of their long roots systems developed to reach water deep within the soil, xerophytes have become more dominant in desert environments than succulents

Question 36

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. On the surface, a desert appears to be one of the harshest environments on Earth yet a remarkable variety of plants have adapted to thrive in this dry climate. Despite their origins in different locations around the globe, desert plants have developed similar strategies for surviving in arid environments. Some plants have adapted in such a way that it is hard to tell them apart even though they belong to very different biological families, one evolution of certain survival strategies which are shared across geographic and biological boundaries. In general, the survival strategies of desert plants can be divided into two kinds: adaptation for quick use of ephemeral resources ("maximum variance behavior") and adaptation for the best use of poor but more permanent resources ("minimum variance behavior"). The former strategy involves adaptation to environmental changes, such as seasonal availability of water. This is observed in desert annuals and perennials alike. Such plants tend to grow rapidly and produce many seeds under the right conditions. The latter strategy involves adaptation to the worst possible conditions, which can be seen in succulents, true xerophytes, and grasses. These plants usually grow slowly, use water efficiently, and exhibit passive cooling. Water scarcity and heat are the key factors limiting the survival of desert plants. [I] Depending on strategies and physical adaptations, they can be divided into either succulents or drought- resistant plants. For the most part, succulents have evolved extensive, shallow root systems to quickly absorb water during brief periods of heavy rainfall. [II] Water is then stored in the fleshy tissue of their thick trunks or lobes, as well as in the roots. The cactus is a good example of a succulent. [III] To retain water, succulents have waxy coatings on their skin and a modified system of respiration. The stomata (surface pores), through which the plant takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen, open only at night when temperatures are cooler and less water from the plant will evaporate. [IV] Unlike most other plants, a succulent stores all or most of its chlorophyll, the chemical essential to photosynthesis, in its stem, skin, or other outer tissues, rather than concentrating it in the leaves. Doing this places it in a strong, well- watered part of the plant, rather than in an appendage susceptible to drying out and dropping off. Drought- resistant plants, or xerophytes, come in many forms including true xerophytes, deciduous plants, and grasses. Xerophytic shrubs, such as the five species of creosote bush, are the most abundant type of vegetation in most arid environments. They are able to withstand desiccation in severe droughts without dying. Some have evolved small leaves with special coatings to reduce loss of water through evaporation. Others have replaced leaves with thorns or spines. While succulent roots form shallow, dense webs, xerophytes tend to develop deep root networks that pull water out of soil other desert plants cannot reach . For example, the roots of the mesquite bush, said to have the deepest root systems among desert plants, can reach depths of up to eighty feet. Succulents and xerophytes, on the one hand, have physically adapted to gather and retain water to survive long periods of drought. Drought- avoiding plants, on the other hand, escape unfavorable conditions by perishing. These include annuals and perennials. Because profuse seed development is crucial to the survival of most annual species, they tend to produce far more flowers than other types of desert plants. The desert marigold of the American southwest, for example, has adapted to seasonal changes in rainfall by growing rapidly, bursting into a brilliant display of yellow flowers, and then dropping a cascade of seeds before dying. In some cases, annuals complete their entire life cycle in a matter of a few weeks or months. Their seeds may remain inactive for up to ten years while waiting for water conditions. Perennials, such as the ocotillo, may go dormant during dry periods, spring to life when it rains, and then return to dormancy in a process that may occur up to five times per year. (Adapted from Expert on Cambridge IELTS practice tests) According to paragraph 4, thorns on xerophytes ___________.

Accepted Answer

are what some plants have instead of leaves

Answer

are similar to blades of grass.

Answer

can reach water very far underground

Answer

help keep the plants from being eaten by animals

Question 37

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. On the surface, a desert appears to be one of the harshest environments on Earth yet a remarkable variety of plants have adapted to thrive in this dry climate. Despite their origins in different locations around the globe, desert plants have developed similar strategies for surviving in arid environments. Some plants have adapted in such a way that it is hard to tell them apart even though they belong to very different biological families, one evolution of certain survival strategies which are shared across geographic and biological boundaries. In general, the survival strategies of desert plants can be divided into two kinds: adaptation for quick use of ephemeral resources ("maximum variance behavior") and adaptation for the best use of poor but more permanent resources ("minimum variance behavior"). The former strategy involves adaptation to environmental changes, such as seasonal availability of water. This is observed in desert annuals and perennials alike. Such plants tend to grow rapidly and produce many seeds under the right conditions. The latter strategy involves adaptation to the worst possible conditions, which can be seen in succulents, true xerophytes, and grasses. These plants usually grow slowly, use water efficiently, and exhibit passive cooling. Water scarcity and heat are the key factors limiting the survival of desert plants. [I] Depending on strategies and physical adaptations, they can be divided into either succulents or drought- resistant plants. For the most part, succulents have evolved extensive, shallow root systems to quickly absorb water during brief periods of heavy rainfall. [II] Water is then stored in the fleshy tissue of their thick trunks or lobes, as well as in the roots. The cactus is a good example of a succulent. [III] To retain water, succulents have waxy coatings on their skin and a modified system of respiration. The stomata (surface pores), through which the plant takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen, open only at night when temperatures are cooler and less water from the plant will evaporate. [IV] Unlike most other plants, a succulent stores all or most of its chlorophyll, the chemical essential to photosynthesis, in its stem, skin, or other outer tissues, rather than concentrating it in the leaves. Doing this places it in a strong, well- watered part of the plant, rather than in an appendage susceptible to drying out and dropping off. Drought- resistant plants, or xerophytes, come in many forms including true xerophytes, deciduous plants, and grasses. Xerophytic shrubs, such as the five species of creosote bush, are the most abundant type of vegetation in most arid environments. They are able to withstand desiccation in severe droughts without dying. Some have evolved small leaves with special coatings to reduce loss of water through evaporation. Others have replaced leaves with thorns or spines. While succulent roots form shallow, dense webs, xerophytes tend to develop deep root networks that pull water out of soil other desert plants cannot reach . For example, the roots of the mesquite bush, said to have the deepest root systems among desert plants, can reach depths of up to eighty feet. Succulents and xerophytes, on the one hand, have physically adapted to gather and retain water to survive long periods of drought. Drought- avoiding plants, on the other hand, escape unfavorable conditions by perishing. These include annuals and perennials. Because profuse seed development is crucial to the survival of most annual species, they tend to produce far more flowers than other types of desert plants. The desert marigold of the American southwest, for example, has adapted to seasonal changes in rainfall by growing rapidly, bursting into a brilliant display of yellow flowers, and then dropping a cascade of seeds before dying. In some cases, annuals complete their entire life cycle in a matter of a few weeks or months. Their seeds may remain inactive for up to ten years while waiting for water conditions. Perennials, such as the ocotillo, may go dormant during dry periods, spring to life when it rains, and then return to dormancy in a process that may occur up to five times per year. (Adapted from Expert on Cambridge IELTS practice tests) Which of the following best summarizes of the fourth passage?

Accepted Answer

Xerophytes are drought-resistant plants with deep root systems and adaptations like small leaves or thorns, enabling them to survive in arid environments

Answer

Xerophytes, mainly shrubs like the creosote bush, have shallow roots and large leaves to absorb as much water as possible in arid environments.

Answer

Xerophytes are the only type of vegetation in deserts, and they survive by growing very quickly after rainfalls to absorb water.

Answer

Xerophytes, such as the mesquite bush, are drought-resistant plants that only survive in areas with frequent rainfall by developing thorns and spines.

Question 38

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. On the surface, a desert appears to be one of the harshest environments on Earth yet a remarkable variety of plants have adapted to thrive in this dry climate. Despite their origins in different locations around the globe, desert plants have developed similar strategies for surviving in arid environments. Some plants have adapted in such a way that it is hard to tell them apart even though they belong to very different biological families, one evolution of certain survival strategies which are shared across geographic and biological boundaries. In general, the survival strategies of desert plants can be divided into two kinds: adaptation for quick use of ephemeral resources ("maximum variance behavior") and adaptation for the best use of poor but more permanent resources ("minimum variance behavior"). The former strategy involves adaptation to environmental changes, such as seasonal availability of water. This is observed in desert annuals and perennials alike. Such plants tend to grow rapidly and produce many seeds under the right conditions. The latter strategy involves adaptation to the worst possible conditions, which can be seen in succulents, true xerophytes, and grasses. These plants usually grow slowly, use water efficiently, and exhibit passive cooling. Water scarcity and heat are the key factors limiting the survival of desert plants. [I] Depending on strategies and physical adaptations, they can be divided into either succulents or drought- resistant plants. For the most part, succulents have evolved extensive, shallow root systems to quickly absorb water during brief periods of heavy rainfall. [II] Water is then stored in the fleshy tissue of their thick trunks or lobes, as well as in the roots. The cactus is a good example of a succulent. [III] To retain water, succulents have waxy coatings on their skin and a modified system of respiration. The stomata (surface pores), through which the plant takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen, open only at night when temperatures are cooler and less water from the plant will evaporate. [IV] Unlike most other plants, a succulent stores all or most of its chlorophyll, the chemical essential to photosynthesis, in its stem, skin, or other outer tissues, rather than concentrating it in the leaves. Doing this places it in a strong, well- watered part of the plant, rather than in an appendage susceptible to drying out and dropping off. Drought- resistant plants, or xerophytes, come in many forms including true xerophytes, deciduous plants, and grasses. Xerophytic shrubs, such as the five species of creosote bush, are the most abundant type of vegetation in most arid environments. They are able to withstand desiccation in severe droughts without dying. Some have evolved small leaves with special coatings to reduce loss of water through evaporation. Others have replaced leaves with thorns or spines. While succulent roots form shallow, dense webs, xerophytes tend to develop deep root networks that pull water out of soil other desert plants cannot reach . For example, the roots of the mesquite bush, said to have the deepest root systems among desert plants, can reach depths of up to eighty feet. Succulents and xerophytes, on the one hand, have physically adapted to gather and retain water to survive long periods of drought. Drought- avoiding plants, on the other hand, escape unfavorable conditions by perishing. These include annuals and perennials. Because profuse seed development is crucial to the survival of most annual species, they tend to produce far more flowers than other types of desert plants. The desert marigold of the American southwest, for example, has adapted to seasonal changes in rainfall by growing rapidly, bursting into a brilliant display of yellow flowers, and then dropping a cascade of seeds before dying. In some cases, annuals complete their entire life cycle in a matter of a few weeks or months. Their seeds may remain inactive for up to ten years while waiting for water conditions. Perennials, such as the ocotillo, may go dormant during dry periods, spring to life when it rains, and then return to dormancy in a process that may occur up to five times per year. (Adapted from Expert on Cambridge IELTS practice tests) The word " these " in paragraph 5 refers to ___________.

Accepted Answer

drought-avoiding plants

Answer

xerophytes

Answer

succulents

Answer

unfavorable conditions

Question 39

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. On the surface, a desert appears to be one of the harshest environments on Earth yet a remarkable variety of plants have adapted to thrive in this dry climate. Despite their origins in different locations around the globe, desert plants have developed similar strategies for surviving in arid environments. Some plants have adapted in such a way that it is hard to tell them apart even though they belong to very different biological families, one evolution of certain survival strategies which are shared across geographic and biological boundaries. In general, the survival strategies of desert plants can be divided into two kinds: adaptation for quick use of ephemeral resources ("maximum variance behavior") and adaptation for the best use of poor but more permanent resources ("minimum variance behavior"). The former strategy involves adaptation to environmental changes, such as seasonal availability of water. This is observed in desert annuals and perennials alike. Such plants tend to grow rapidly and produce many seeds under the right conditions. The latter strategy involves adaptation to the worst possible conditions, which can be seen in succulents, true xerophytes, and grasses. These plants usually grow slowly, use water efficiently, and exhibit passive cooling. Water scarcity and heat are the key factors limiting the survival of desert plants. [I] Depending on strategies and physical adaptations, they can be divided into either succulents or drought- resistant plants. For the most part, succulents have evolved extensive, shallow root systems to quickly absorb water during brief periods of heavy rainfall. [II] Water is then stored in the fleshy tissue of their thick trunks or lobes, as well as in the roots. The cactus is a good example of a succulent. [III] To retain water, succulents have waxy coatings on their skin and a modified system of respiration. The stomata (surface pores), through which the plant takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen, open only at night when temperatures are cooler and less water from the plant will evaporate. [IV] Unlike most other plants, a succulent stores all or most of its chlorophyll, the chemical essential to photosynthesis, in its stem, skin, or other outer tissues, rather than concentrating it in the leaves. Doing this places it in a strong, well- watered part of the plant, rather than in an appendage susceptible to drying out and dropping off. Drought- resistant plants, or xerophytes, come in many forms including true xerophytes, deciduous plants, and grasses. Xerophytic shrubs, such as the five species of creosote bush, are the most abundant type of vegetation in most arid environments. They are able to withstand desiccation in severe droughts without dying. Some have evolved small leaves with special coatings to reduce loss of water through evaporation. Others have replaced leaves with thorns or spines. While succulent roots form shallow, dense webs, xerophytes tend to develop deep root networks that pull water out of soil other desert plants cannot reach . For example, the roots of the mesquite bush, said to have the deepest root systems among desert plants, can reach depths of up to eighty feet. Succulents and xerophytes, on the one hand, have physically adapted to gather and retain water to survive long periods of drought. Drought- avoiding plants, on the other hand, escape unfavorable conditions by perishing. These include annuals and perennials. Because profuse seed development is crucial to the survival of most annual species, they tend to produce far more flowers than other types of desert plants. The desert marigold of the American southwest, for example, has adapted to seasonal changes in rainfall by growing rapidly, bursting into a brilliant display of yellow flowers, and then dropping a cascade of seeds before dying. In some cases, annuals complete their entire life cycle in a matter of a few weeks or months. Their seeds may remain inactive for up to ten years while waiting for water conditions. Perennials, such as the ocotillo, may go dormant during dry periods, spring to life when it rains, and then return to dormancy in a process that may occur up to five times per year. (Adapted from Expert on Cambridge IELTS practice tests) According to the author, all of the following are associated with plants that exhibit "minimum variance behavior" EXCEPT ______.

Accepted Answer

rapid seed production

Answer

slow growth

Answer

modified respiration

Answer

deep root systems

Question 40

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40. On the surface, a desert appears to be one of the harshest environments on Earth yet a remarkable variety of plants have adapted to thrive in this dry climate. Despite their origins in different locations around the globe, desert plants have developed similar strategies for surviving in arid environments. Some plants have adapted in such a way that it is hard to tell them apart even though they belong to very different biological families, one evolution of certain survival strategies which are shared across geographic and biological boundaries. In general, the survival strategies of desert plants can be divided into two kinds: adaptation for quick use of ephemeral resources ("maximum variance behavior") and adaptation for the best use of poor but more permanent resources ("minimum variance behavior"). The former strategy involves adaptation to environmental changes, such as seasonal availability of water. This is observed in desert annuals and perennials alike. Such plants tend to grow rapidly and produce many seeds under the right conditions. The latter strategy involves adaptation to the worst possible conditions, which can be seen in succulents, true xerophytes, and grasses. These plants usually grow slowly, use water efficiently, and exhibit passive cooling. Water scarcity and heat are the key factors limiting the survival of desert plants. [I] Depending on strategies and physical adaptations, they can be divided into either succulents or drought- resistant plants. For the most part, succulents have evolved extensive, shallow root systems to quickly absorb water during brief periods of heavy rainfall. [II] Water is then stored in the fleshy tissue of their thick trunks or lobes, as well as in the roots. The cactus is a good example of a succulent. [III] To retain water, succulents have waxy coatings on their skin and a modified system of respiration. The stomata (surface pores), through which the plant takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen, open only at night when temperatures are cooler and less water from the plant will evaporate. [IV] Unlike most other plants, a succulent stores all or most of its chlorophyll, the chemical essential to photosynthesis, in its stem, skin, or other outer tissues, rather than concentrating it in the leaves. Doing this places it in a strong, well- watered part of the plant, rather than in an appendage susceptible to drying out and dropping off. Drought- resistant plants, or xerophytes, come in many forms including true xerophytes, deciduous plants, and grasses. Xerophytic shrubs, such as the five species of creosote bush, are the most abundant type of vegetation in most arid environments. They are able to withstand desiccation in severe droughts without dying. Some have evolved small leaves with special coatings to reduce loss of water through evaporation. Others have replaced leaves with thorns or spines. While succulent roots form shallow, dense webs, xerophytes tend to develop deep root networks that pull water out of soil other desert plants cannot reach . For example, the roots of the mesquite bush, said to have the deepest root systems among desert plants, can reach depths of up to eighty feet. Succulents and xerophytes, on the one hand, have physically adapted to gather and retain water to survive long periods of drought. Drought- avoiding plants, on the other hand, escape unfavorable conditions by perishing. These include annuals and perennials. Because profuse seed development is crucial to the survival of most annual species, they tend to produce far more flowers than other types of desert plants. The desert marigold of the American southwest, for example, has adapted to seasonal changes in rainfall by growing rapidly, bursting into a brilliant display of yellow flowers, and then dropping a cascade of seeds before dying. In some cases, annuals complete their entire life cycle in a matter of a few weeks or months. Their seeds may remain inactive for up to ten years while waiting for water conditions. Perennials, such as the ocotillo, may go dormant during dry periods, spring to life when it rains, and then return to dormancy in a process that may occur up to five times per year. (Adapted from Expert on Cambridge IELTS practice tests) Which statement about a perennial plant called "ocotillo" is supported by the text?

Accepted Answer

It can switch between dormancy and active growth multiple times in one year.

Answer

It completes its entire life cycle in a single rainy season.

Answer

It survives drought by storing water in thick, fleshy leaves.

Answer

It avoids drought by producing seeds and then dying immediately.