Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the…

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 15 to 24.

The rapid proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) tools, particularly generative AI, has sparked a profound debate concerning their impact on human cognition. While celebrated for their capacity to enhance productivity and automate complex tasks, a growing body of research suggests that an over-reliance on these technologies might inadvertently blunt our thinking skills. This apprehension echoes historical concerns, such as Socrates's distrust of the written word, which he feared would diminish memory and intellectual rigor. Though the great philosopher's specific fears about writing proved unfounded, the underlying anxiety about new cognitive technologies and their potential to reshape our mental faculties persists in the age of AI.

Empirical studies are now providing concrete evidence for these contemporary worries. Researchers have observed that even seasoned professionals tend to disengage their critical thinking skills when routinely using generative AI for tasks requiring analysis or synthesis. Furthermore, excessive dependence on AI during learning processes has been linked to reduced brain connectivity and a decrease in the memorability of information. This phenomenon is often attributed to a maladaptive form of "cognitive offloading," where instead of using AI to free up mental resources for higher-order thinking, individuals delegate fundamental cognitive processes entirely. Such delegation, when unchecked, hinders the development and maintenance of essential mental muscles, potentially transforming our minds into mere passive recipients rather than active processors of information.

[I] However, the narrative is not entirely one of decline. Many experts propose that AI, when leveraged judiciously, can serve as a powerful tool for human intelligence. The key lies in shifting from passive consumption to active, critical engagement. [II] Instead of asking AI for complete answers, users can employ it to generate diverse perspectives, identify potential biases, or even challenge their own assumptions. This approach transforms AI from a crutch into a sparring partner, fostering a dynamic interaction that can sharpen reasoning and deepen understanding. [III] Strategies include fact-checking AI outputs, iteratively refining prompts to encourage deeper processing, and dedicating mental effort to understanding why AI provides certain information. The challenge, therefore, is not to reject AI, but to cultivate a mindful approach to its integration into our daily lives and professional practices. [IV]

By understanding the mechanisms of cognitive offloading and consciously designing interactions that promote active learning and critical evaluation, we can harness AI's immense potential without succumbing to its pitfalls. This requires a concerted effort from individuals, educators, and developers to foster "AI literacy" - the ability to effectively and ethically engage with AI technologies. Ultimately, the future impact of AI on human cognition will be less about the technology's inherent nature and more about how we choose to interact with it.

The author mentions Socrates's historical concerns in paragraph 1 primarily to ______.