Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the…

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 20 to 29.

In an effort to create more sustainable campuses, many universities are experimenting with “low-carbon student lifestyles,” combining behavioural changes with digital innovation. Students are encouraged to walk or cycle instead of using motorbikes, reduce food waste in canteens, and participate in recycling programmes. These initiatives are supported by mobile apps that track carbon footprints and award points for eco-friendly choices. [I] The points can later be exchanged for discounts at bookstores or campus cafés, creating an incentive system that blends environmental responsibility with daily convenience.

Despite their popularity, such programmes face obstacles. [II] Some students question the accuracy of carbon-tracking apps, arguing that they oversimplify complex behaviours. For instance, a long walk under extreme heat might be given the same score as a short walk on a cool day, even though the environmental impact differs. Others fear that constant data monitoring could violate privacy, especially when apps record location, consumption habits, and travel patterns. Administrators admit that the technology is not perfect but emphasise that it is designed to educate rather than punish.

Another difficulty lies in ensuring long-term commitment. [III] While many students eagerly participate at first, enthusiasm often fades after a few weeks. Researchers suggest that universities need to integrate sustainability into academic subjects, extracurricular projects, and even dormitory management. When students understand how lifestyle choices relate to broader environmental systems, they are more likely to form lasting habits.

Nevertheless, early evidence indicates that low-carbon lifestyle projects can positively influence entire communities. [IV] At one university in Singapore, students collaborated with local residents to design solar-powered study corners in public parks. The initiative not only reduced electricity use on campus but also strengthened relationships between the university and neighbouring communities. As climate challenges intensify, such partnerships may become essential in building environmentally conscious cities.

The word “it” in paragraph 2 refers to ______.