Read the following passage about powering the future and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate…

Read the following passage about powering the future and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 31 to 40.

The rapid development of industry has been a driving force behind economic growth worldwide, providing employment and improving living standards. [I]. From manufacturing to energy production, industries contribute significantly to modern society's infrastructure. [II]. Industrial activities release large amounts of greenhouse gases and pollutants, contaminate water sources, and contribute to deforestation. [III]. The damage inflicted by industry is now a major concern for scientists and policymakers alike, as it endangers ecosystems and public health. [IV].

One of the most pressing issues linked to industrial growth is air pollution. Factories and power plants release vast quantities of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and other harmful emissions into the atmosphere, fueling climate change and contributing to respiratory diseases in humans. Water pollution is equally severe, with toxic industrial waste often dumped into rivers and oceans, damaging marine life and contaminating water supplies. Furthermore, the heavy reliance on non-renewable resources, such as coal and oil, is taking a toll on natural resources, intensifying environmental degradation. Combined, these factors underscore the urgent need to address the environmental repercussions of industrial activities.

To mitigate these effects, industries must adopt sustainable practices that reduce their environmental impact. One effective approach is the transition to clean energy sources, such as solar and wind, which produce minimal emissions compared to fossil fuels. Another solution is the implementation of stricter waste management practices to prevent hazardous materials from contaminating water bodies. Additionally, investing in technology that improves energy efficiency in manufacturing processes can significantly reduce pollution. Governments can also enforce regulations that limit emissions and incentivize companies to adopt green practices, further promoting sustainable industrial development.

While these changes require substantial investment and collective effort, they are essential for the long-term health of our planet. By committing to sustainable practices, industries can balance growth with environmental responsibility, creating a future where both the economy and the natural world can thrive.

The phrase “taking a toll on” in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by ____________.